{"id":1521,"date":"2022-12-11T19:02:08","date_gmt":"2022-12-11T18:02:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/?p=1521"},"modified":"2022-12-11T19:25:41","modified_gmt":"2022-12-11T18:25:41","slug":"zruseni-pracovniho-pomeru-ve-zkusebni-dobe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/?p=1521","title":{"rendered":"Zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b (u t\u011bhotn\u00e9 \u017eeny)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201eM\u00e1te pad\u00e1ka! <\/em><\/strong>
\u017de jste t\u011bhotn\u00e1, je nepodstatn\u00e9… <\/em>
Jin\u00fd d\u016fvod ke zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b nem\u00e1me, tak\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme bez ud\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fvodu. <\/em>
Na shledanou!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Znal\u00ed si asi \u0159eknou, \u017ee jak\u00e1koli obrana je zbyte\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee z\u00e1kon \u010d. 262\/2006 Sb., z\u00e1kon\u00edk pr\u00e1ce, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f v \u00a7 66 odst. 1 v\u011bt\u011b prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eZam\u011bstnavatel i zam\u011bstnanec mohou zru\u0161it pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b z jak\u00e9hokoliv d\u016fvodu nebo bez uveden\u00ed d\u016fvodu.<\/strong> Ve v\u00fd\u0161e nast\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je jak\u00fdmkoli d\u016fvodem t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, tak\u017ee sm\u016fla. Nebo tam rad\u011bji d\u016fvod ani ned\u00e1me, a\u0165 je klid! A\u017e soud \u0159ekl: \u201aA dost!!!\u2018\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edm troufal\u00fdm soudem byl Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud ve sv\u00e9m rozsudku 21 Cdo 2410\/2020 ze dne 16.03.2021. Soud dovodil, \u017ee takov\u00fd postup zam\u011bstnavatele je diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed a neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed. O co v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0161lo?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zam\u011bstnavatel (\u017ealovan\u00fd) dopisem ze dne 23.04.2018 sd\u011blil zam\u011bstnankyni (\u017ealobkyni), \u017ee jej\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br uzav\u0159en\u00fd pracovn\u00ed smlouvou ze dne 01.03.2018 se v souladu s ustanoven\u00edm \u00a7 66 z\u00e1kon\u00edku pr\u00e1ce<\/a> ru\u0161\u00ed ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b s t\u00edm, \u017ee pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br skon\u010d\u00ed dne 23.04.2018 bez ud\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fvodu. \u017dalobkyn\u011b se pak obr\u00e1tila na soud s p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm, \u017ee se \u017ealovan\u00fd dopustil nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 diskriminace \u017ealobkyn\u011b, kdy\u017e zru\u0161il pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br \u017ealobkyn\u011b z d\u016fvodu jej\u00edho t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed. \u017dalobkyn\u011b pracovala u \u017ealovan\u00e9ho jako lesn\u00ed d\u011blnice a po\u017e\u00e1dala sv\u00e9ho zam\u011bstnavatele, aby ji z d\u016fvodu sv\u00e9ho t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed p\u0159e\u0159adil na jinou pr\u00e1ci. \u017dalovan\u00fd konstatoval, \u017ee pro ni \u017e\u00e1dnou pr\u00e1ci nem\u00e1 a vyslal ji na mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou l\u00e9ka\u0159skou prohl\u00eddku, kde l\u00e9ka\u0159ka konstatovala, \u017ee \u017ealobkyn\u011b pozbyla dlouhodob\u011b zdravotn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilost k pr\u00e1ci. Pot\u00e9 u\u017e n\u00e1sledovalo ozn\u00e1men\u00ed o zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b. Zam\u011bstnavatel jako \u017ealovan\u00fd tento postup odm\u00edt\u00e1 s t\u00edm, \u017ee nen\u00ed pravdiv\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obvodn\u00ed soud pro Prahu 6 se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezab\u00fdval podtextem tohoto p\u0159\u00edpadu a dle dikce \u00a7 66 odst. 1 z\u00e1kon\u00edku pr\u00e1ce stru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad uzav\u0159el s t\u00edm, \u017ee kdy\u017e lze zru\u0161it pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b z jak\u00e9hokoli d\u016fvodu, tak i pro t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed zam\u011bstnankyn\u011b. Soud to tedy nevyslovil, ale ob\u010das je t\u0159eba \u010d\u00edst mezi \u0159\u00e1dky (o tom ale a\u017e pozd\u011bji). Odvolac\u00ed soud se ztoto\u017enil s n\u00e1zorem soudu ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho stupn\u011b tak\u00e9 a pova\u017eoval zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru za platn\u00e9 a nav\u00edc (tentokr\u00e1t v\u00fdslovn\u011b) sd\u011blil sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, \u017ee ani ochrana t\u011bhotn\u00e9 zam\u011bstnankyn\u011b nen\u00ed bezb\u0159eh\u00e1.  \u017dalobkyn\u011b se (z\u0159ejm\u011b) s pocitem nespravedliv\u00e9ho rozsudku obr\u00e1tila na dovolac\u00ed soud a po\u017e\u00e1dala ho, aby ji zodpov\u011bd\u011bl \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00fdmi se soudy ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f v\u016fbec nezab\u00fdvaly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Je pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00faprava zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b podle \u00a7 66 z\u00e1kon\u00edku pr\u00e1ce<\/a> v souladu s \u010dl. 10 odst. 1<\/a> sm\u011brnice Rady 92\/85\/EHS<\/a> ze dne 19.10.1992 o zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a ochrany zdrav\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci t\u011bhotn\u00fdch zam\u011bstnanky\u0148 a zam\u011bstnanky\u0148 kr\u00e1tce po porodu nebo koj\u00edc\u00edch zam\u011bstnanky\u0148?<\/li>
  2. Je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br odvolac\u00edho soudu, podle n\u011bho\u017e nejde o diskriminaci na z\u00e1klad\u011b pohlav\u00ed, jestli\u017ee zam\u011bstnavatel propust\u00ed zam\u011bstnankyni na z\u00e1klad\u011b l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho posudku o dlouhodob\u00e9m pozbyt\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilosti v situaci, kdy je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee jedin\u00fdm d\u016fvodem posudkov\u00e9ho z\u00e1v\u011bru je t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed zam\u011bstnankyn\u011b?<\/li>
  3. Jak\u00fd je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd postup zam\u011bstnavatele v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pochybnosti o zdravotn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilosti zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 t\u011bhotenstv\u00edm?<\/li>
  4. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 platn\u011b sjednat zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dobu v situaci, kdy zam\u011bstnankyn\u011b pro zam\u011bstnance v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e pracovala v pracovn\u00edm pom\u011bru?<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Vid\u00edte, kolik dal\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek vyvstalo, a\u010dkoli p\u0159\u00edpad pro\u0161el u\u017e \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm p\u0159ed dv\u011bma soudy?  Ot\u00e1zku \u010d. 4 zodpov\u011bd\u011bl dovolac\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud ihned a odk\u00e1zal se na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed judikaturu, kter\u00e1 mluv\u00ed jasn\u011b: Jedn\u00e1-li se o odli\u0161n\u00fd druh pr\u00e1ce sjednan\u00fd u t\u00e9ho\u017e zam\u011bstnavatele (v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ukl\u00edze\u010dka a lesn\u00ed d\u011blnice), pak zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dobu platn\u011b sjednat lze. Ot\u00e1zkou \u010d. 3 se dovolac\u00ed soud tak\u00e9 nezab\u00fdval \u2013 nezakl\u00e1d\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo podat odvol\u00e1n\u00ed. Zat\u00edm to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee se n\u00e1\u0161 soud s ot\u00e1zkami vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1v\u00e1 a vcelku obratn\u011b a rychle je h\u00e1z\u00ed pod st\u016fl. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed ot\u00e1zka \u010d. 2 probrala soud k velmi v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201eSamotn\u00e1 okolnost, \u017ee zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b p\u0159edstavuje zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd zp\u016fsob skon\u010den\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru, ov\u0161em neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by i takov\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nem\u011blo b\u00fdt pom\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1no z hlediska diskriminace a rovn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed. Je toti\u017e nepochybn\u00e9, \u017ee i takov\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vykazovat znaky diskrimina\u010dn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v rozporu s principy rovn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud proto ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tak\u00e9 zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b je t\u0159eba pom\u011b\u0159ovat z hlediska pravidel z\u00e1kazu diskriminace a \u017ee to, \u017ee zam\u011bstnavatel zru\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b i bez ud\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fvodu, samo o sob\u011b nevylu\u010duje, \u017ee jde o diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed rozv\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soud tedy dovolil, \u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9 zru\u0161it pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b i s t\u011bhotnou zam\u011bstnankyn\u00ed, je-li d\u016fvodem ke zru\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b jej\u00ed t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, pak se jedn\u00e1 o nep\u0159\u00edpustnou diskriminaci. <\/strong>Ot\u00e1zkou \u010d. 1 u\u017e se soud nijak hloub\u011bji nezab\u00fdval (z\u0159ejm\u011b \u00faspora \u010dasu), a tak zru\u0161il ob\u011b vydan\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed a s t\u00edmto sv\u00fdm z\u00e1vazn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm n\u00e1zorem zabalil rozsudek do krabice s ma\u0161li\u010dkou a poslat zp\u011bt Obvodn\u00edmu soudu pro Prahu 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jak \u010dasto se V\u00e1m stane, \u017ee si p\u0159e\u010dtete v\u011btu v z\u00e1kon\u011b (nebo i jinde) a p\u0159ipad\u00e1 V\u00e1m tak jasn\u00e1! Nen\u00ed snad v\u011bta, \u017ee lze pracovn\u00ed pom\u011br ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b zru\u0161it z jak\u00e9hokoli d\u016fvodu tak\u00e9 naprosto jasn\u00e1? Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e1 norma \u2013 pravidlo chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 neexistuje odd\u011blen\u011b od jin\u00fdch, ale vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se prol\u00ednaj\u00ed a dopl\u0148uj\u00ed. Izolovan\u00fd v\u00fdklad je kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00fd. A to neplat\u00ed jen v pr\u00e1vu. A t\u00edm se vrac\u00edm ke \u010dten\u00ed mezi \u0159\u00e1dky, kter\u00e9 jsem zm\u00ednila. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpis je jen m\u00e9dium \u2013 nosi\u010d informac\u00ed \u2013 a jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b v n\u011bm um\u00edte \u010d\u00edst, nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom nosi\u010di (ale do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry tak\u00e9, proto\u017ee kvalita napsan\u00e9ho textu se pak m\u016f\u017ee odr\u00e1\u017eet v jeho v\u00fdkladu), ale na V\u00e1s samotn\u00fdch. A na v\u0161ech kolem. Pravidla chov\u00e1n\u00ed nejsou to, co je n\u011bkde napsan\u00e9 (nato\u017e v z\u00e1kon\u011b), ale to, co se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jejich aplikac\u00ed, v\u00fdkladem, u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm v praxi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Asi to nejl\u00e9pe vystihuje cit\u00e1t filozofa C. L. Montesquieu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201eI <\/em>p\u0159i nejlep\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1konech\u2026 je nezbytn\u00e9, aby lid\u00e9 byli natolik du\u0161evn\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00ed, aby svoboda, kterou skrze normy nabyli, se jim \u010dasem nezd\u00e1la jako n\u011bco nesnesiteln\u00e9ho a jako n\u011bco, s \u010d\u00edm neum\u00ed zach\u00e1zet.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mgr. Andrea Kov\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, lektorka semin\u00e1\u0159\u016f s\u00a0problematikou pr\u00e1va ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 spr\u00e1v\u011b, nap\u0159. anti-GDPR a \u0161ikan\u00f3zn\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u201eM\u00e1te pad\u00e1ka! \u017de jste t\u011bhotn\u00e1, je nepodstatn\u00e9… Jin\u00fd d\u016fvod ke zru\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho pom\u011bru ve zku\u0161ebn\u00ed dob\u011b nem\u00e1me, tak\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme bez ud\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fvodu. Na shledanou!\u201c Znal\u00ed si asi \u0159eknou, \u017ee jak\u00e1koli obrana je zbyte\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee z\u00e1kon \u010d. 262\/2006 Sb., z\u00e1kon\u00edk pr\u00e1ce, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f v \u00a7 66 odst. 1 v\u011bt\u011b prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eZam\u011bstnavatel i zam\u011bstnanec mohou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1521","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-z-prace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1521","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1521"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1521\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1534,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1521\/revisions\/1534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1521"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1521"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radim.martynek.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1521"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}